In vitro evaluation of methanol extracts of edible fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes against Rhyssomatus nigerrimus Fahraeus.

The study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts of edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes against Rhyssomatus nigerrimus. Methanol:water extracts (70:30) of P. ostreatus and L. edodes were made and evaluated in two in vitro tests (exposure and immersion toxic effect) against R. nigerrimus. Subsequently, the toxicity test of the extracts against Artemia salina was evaluated. These extracts were subjected to colorimetric tests and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed a mortality effect against R. nigerrimus of 50% for the P. ostreatus 2 extracts at a concentration of 20% in the immersion test. Likewise, in the toxic effect test, 90% mortality was observed after five days of exposure to a concentration of 10%. On the other hand, for the toxicity test, the extract that showed the values with the highest mortality against A. salina was P. ostreatus, starting with 80% mortality at 100µg/mL. The functional groups present in the extracts were saponins, coumarins, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the presence of more than 7 compounds in the mushroom extracts evaluated is reported. This study demonstrates the insecticidal activity of P. ostreatus and L. edodes fungal extracts and indicates the importance of using different in vitro tests to elucidate the mechanism of action for future studies.

The FDA-approved compound, pramipexole and the clinical-stage investigational drug, dexpramipexole, reverse chronic allodynia from sciatic nerve damage in mice, and alter IL-1ß and IL-10 expression from immune cell culture.

During the onset of neuropathic pain from a variety of etiologies, nociceptors become hypersensitized, releasing neurotransmitters and other factors from centrally-projecting nerve terminals within the dorsal spinal cord. Consequently, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) in the spinal cord are activated and mediate the release of proinflammatory cytokines that act to enhance pain transmission and sensitize mechanical non-nociceptive fibers which ultimately results in light touch hypersensitivity, clinically observed as allodynia. Pramipexole, a D2/D3 preferring agonist, is FDA-approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and demonstrates efficacy in animal models of inflammatory pain. The clinical-stage investigational drug, R(+) enantiomer of pramipexole, dexpramipexole, is virtually devoid of D2/D3 agonist actions and is efficacious in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The current experiments focus on the application of a mouse model of sciatic nerve neuropathy, chronic constriction injury (CCI), that leads to allodynia and is previously characterized to generate spinal glial activation with consequent release IL-1ß. We hypothesized that both pramipexole and dexpramipexole reverse CCI-induced chronic neuropathy in mice, and in human monocyte cell culture studies (THP-1 cells), pramipexole prevents IL-1ß production. Additionally, we hypothesized that in rat primary splenocyte culture, dexpramixole increases mRNA for the anti-inflammatory and pleiotropic cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10). Results show that following intravenous pramipexole or dexpramipexole, a profound decrease in allodynia was observed by 1 hr, with allodynia returning 24 hr post-injection. Pramipexole significantly blunted IL-1ß protein production from stimulated human monocytes and dexpramipexole induced elevated IL-10 mRNA expression from rat splenocytes. The data support that clinically-approved compounds like pramipexole and dexpramipexole support their application as anti-inflammatory agents to mitigate chronic neuropathy, and provide a blueprint for future, multifaceted approaches for opioid-independent neuropathic pain treatment.

[Clinical implications of the genus Mycoplasma]. / Implicaciones clínicas de las especies del género Mycoplasma.

Within Mycoplasma genus, M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis or U. urealyticum are the main species that have been traditionally linked to infectious processes. However, there are many other species involved in these conditions and that are, frequently, unfamiliar to healthcare professionals. The aim of this review is to identify all Mycoplasma genus species that have been isolated in human beings and to determine their involvement in infectious pathology.

In vitro nematocidal activity of commercial fatty acids and ß-sitosterol against Haemonchus contortus.

Haemonchus contortus is a haematophagous gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) that causes severe anaemia and even death in small ruminants, negatively impacting the economic viability of farms. Traditionally, this parasite has been controlled with chemical compounds; however, inadequate use of these types of products has favoured the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to search for alternatives for GIN control. Previous studies have reported the anthelmintic activity of edible mushroom extracts against H. contortus. A recent study reported that a fraction constituted of different fatty acids and ß-sitosterol isolated from the basidiomata of the edible mushroom Pleurotus djamor ECS-123 has ovicidal and larvicidal activity against H. contortus. Thus, this study aimed to assess the anthelmintic activity of the pure molecules: pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, ß-sitosterol, stearic acid and linoleic acid. For this purpose, an egg-hatching inhibition test was carried out in which the compounds were evaluated individually and in combination at a final concentration of 20 mg mL-1. Furthermore, larval mortality was assessed using a combination of the five commercial compounds previously mentioned at different concentrations (1.25-20 mg mL-1). Palmitic acid and stearic acid, in some combinations, inhibited H. contortus egg hatching by 100%. On the other hand, in the larval mortality test, the combination of the five compounds showed dose-dependent behaviour, and 100% mortality was obtained 24 h post-incubation. Pure molecules and their combinations have anthelmintic-like activity against the eggs and larvae of H. contortus.

The updated Charlson comorbidity index is a useful predictor of mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia.

The objective was to compare the performance of the updated Charlson comorbidity index (uCCI) and classical CCI (cCCI) in predicting 30-day mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB). All cases of SAB in patients aged ⩾14 years identified at the Microbiology Unit were included prospectively and followed. Comorbidity was evaluated using the cCCI and uCCI. Relevant variables associated with SAB-related mortality, along with cCCI or uCCI scores, were entered into multivariate logistic regression models. Global model fit, model calibration and predictive validity of each model were evaluated and compared. In total, 257 episodes of SAB in 239 patients were included (mean age 74 years; 65% were male). The mean cCCI and uCCI scores were 3.6 (standard deviation, 2.4) and 2.9 (2.3), respectively; 161 (63%) cases had cCCI score ⩾3 and 89 (35%) cases had uCCI score ⩾4. Sixty-five (25%) patients died within 30 days. The cCCI score was not related to mortality in any model, but uCCI score ⩾4 was an independent factor of 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-3.74). The uCCI is a more up-to-date, refined and parsimonious prognostic mortality score than the cCCI; it may thus serve better than the latter in the identification of patients with SAB with worse prognoses.

Osseoinductive elements around immediate implants for better osteointegration: a pilot study in foxhound dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on osseointegration of topical applications of melatonin vs. vitamin D over surfaces of immediate implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mandibular premolar distal roots (P2 , P3 , P4 ) were extracted bilaterally from six American Foxhound dogs. Three conical immediate implants were randomly placed bilaterally in each mandible. Three randomized groups were created: melatonin 5% test group (MI), vitamin D 10% test group (DI), and Control group implants (CI). Block sections were obtained after 12 weeks and processed for mineralized ground sectioning. Bone-to-implant contact (total BIC), new bone formation (NBF), inter-thread bone (ITB), and histological linear measurements (HLM) were assessed. RESULTS: At 12 weeks, all implants were clinically stable and histologically osseointegrated. Total BIC values were 49.20 ± 3.26 for the MI group, 49.86 ± 1.89 for DI group and 45.78 ± 4.21 for the CI group (P < 0.018) with statistically significant difference between the three groups. BIC percentage were 42.44 ± 2.18 for MI, 44.56 ± 1.08 for DI, and 41.95 ± 3.34 for CI groups respectively (P > 0.05). Inter-thread bone formation values were MI 17.56 ± 2.01, for DI 19.87 ± 0.92, and CI 14.56 ± 1.24 (P > 0.05). Statistically significant differences in peri-implant new bone formation were found between the three groups: MI 28.76 ± 1.98, DI 32.56 ± 1.11 and CI 25.43 ± 4.67, respectively (P < 0.045). Linear measurements showed that the MI group showed significantly less lingual crestal bone loss (CBL) (MI 0.59 ± 0.71), compared to DI (0.91 ± 1.21) and CI (0.93 ± 1.21) (P < 0.042), and less lingual peri-implant mucosa (PIM) (MI 3.11 ± 1.34),(DI 3.25 ± 0.18 compared with CI 3.54 ± 1.81 (P = 0.429). Linear measurements of buccal CBL showed significantly less buccal bone loss in test DI (0.36 ± 0.12) than CI (1.34 ± 1.23) and MI (1.11 ± 1.38) (P = 0.078). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this animal study, topical applications of 5% Melatonin or 10% vitamin D improved bone formation around implants placed immediately after extraction and helped to reduce CBL after 12 weeks osseointegration.

[Simulation of an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii in hospitals]. / Simulación de la propagación de un brote por Acinetobacter baumannii en entornos hospitalarios.

OBJECTIVE: Acinetobacter baumannii infections have increased over time becoming a significant issue. Consequently, those applications that allow to predict the evolution of an outbreak and the relevance of the different control methods, are very important. The design of mathematical models plays a central role in this topic. METHODS: Development of a deterministic mathematical model based on ordinary differential equations whose variables and parameters are defined upon the basis of knowledge of the epidemiology and characteristics of A. baumannii. This model is analyzed from a qualitative point of view and, also, its computational implementation is derived. RESULTS: Several simulations were obtained developed from different initial conditions. The qualitative analysis of these simulations provides formal evidence of most effective control measures. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the computational model is an extremely useful tool in terms of managing A. baumannii outbreaks. There is mathematical proof of the fact that the observance of efficient hygiene and screening rules reduces the number of infected patients.

The clinical microbiologist before the taxonomic changes in the genus Clostridium.

The various species included in the genus Clostridium are very heterogeneous, both from a phenotypic and a phylogenetic point of view. The advances in polyphasic taxonomy, particularly in phylogeny, are allowing to resolve this dysfunction reclassifying several species in other genres, although there is still work to be done. Changes in generic denominations are quite normal in taxonomy, but can turn into a problem when they affect species with strong clinical impact and that have been recognised for a long time, as in the case of some traditional Clostridium species. After knowing these changes clinical microbiologists, in whose work taxonomy is an essential tool, should evaluate what matters most, if the communication with other health professionals or the phylogeny, and think about the possibility of combining both things. This paper reviews some of the taxonomic changes that have took place in well-known Clostridium species that can be clinically interesting and evaluates, as far as possible, their significance in the scientific and medical communication.

[Changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection during 2005-2014 in Salamanca, Spain]. / Cambios en la epidemiología de la infección por Clostridium difficile durante 2005-2014 en Salamanca, España.

OBJECTIVE: To know the most relevant epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) between 2005- 2014 in the province of Salamanca (Spain). METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out through review of the clinical microbiologic records at Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca. Detection was performed according to standard methodology. RESULTS: 2.6% of stool samples analyzed for detection of C. difficile toxins (9,103) were positive. The average prevalence was 6.8 cases per 100,000 people per year. The mean age was 65 ± 21.4 years and the median 70 years. 59% of cases occurred in patients over 64 years, with an average prevalence of 16.5 (4 times higher than the 15-64 group). Most cases (86.4%) occurred in hospitalized patients, and the group of over 64 had the highest percentage of hospital CDI, with 55%. CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase in the number of requests and in the prevalence of CDI over the decade studied is observed, and prevalence rates were significantly lower than those of other studies. The percentage of CDI increased significantly in both inpatient and community. Age and hospitaliza-tion were risk factors for developing CDI. After the introduc-ion of a molecular detection technique in 2014, the prevalence increased, being 2.5 times higher than 2013.

[Adequacy of urology departments in a health care model of hospitals network]. / Adecuación de Servicios de Urología en un Modelo Asistencial de Red de Hospitales.

UNLABELLED: The traditional health care model is currently facing new health requirements. The implementation of integrated urologic health systems can be one of the possible solutions to these needs. It is mandatory to explore a new health care model, which includes structural and organizational changes. The adequacy of the urology departments of IDCsalud-Madrid network hospitals, creating URORed, is a new system adaptable to constant changes, in order to offer professionalism and quality health care. OBJECTIVE: To describe the administrative/clinic management in the urology service of a health care model of Hospitals network (URORed at IDCsalud. Madrid), that has been included in a model of an Integrated network in a health care service. METHODS: In the period between November 2007 to October 2014, the urology departments of IDCsalud Madrid Group, have been included in a new organizational system, including 4 hospitals, currently with 27 urologists. Each center offers specific urologic services, sharing benefits and human resources. The same directive line leads all centers. RESULTS: The model offers an integrated and uniform urologic service to a specific population of 811.390 habitants (Population Census 2012), with capability to treat specific urologic diseases and to perform a correct clinical follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Belonging to a health care model in network involves a change of attitude. It creates an organizational change, based on the processes and the results, which enables control of the management analytically, detecting the points that need to be optimized as well as those that are satisfactory. It implies developing a culture of learning and cooperation, so that the processes are fluent and have quality, to create clinical and technological projects in favor of new resource-generating research, based on the needs of the joint management of the hospitals network. The complexity of this model requires a work focused on the human resources, their concerns and their ability to coordinate actions to get results in terms of quality health care and professionalism.

Electric radiation mapping of silver/zinc oxide nanoantennas by using electron holography.

In this work, we report the fabrication of self-assembled zinc oxide nanorods grown on pentagonal faces of silver nanowires by using microwaves irradiation. The nanostructures resemble a hierarchal nanoantenna and were used to study the far and near field electrical metal-semiconductor behavior from the electrical radiation pattern resulting from the phase map reconstruction obtained using off-axis electron holography. As a comparison, we use electric numerical approximations methods for a finite number of ZnO nanorods on the Ag nanowires and show that the electric radiation intensities maps match closely the experimental results obtained with electron holography. The time evolution of the radiation pattern as generated from the nanostructure was recorded under in-situ radio frequency signal stimulation, in which the generated electrical source amplitude and frequency were varied from 0 to 5 V and from 1 to 10 MHz, respectively. The phase maps obtained from electron holography show the change in the distribution of the electric radiation pattern for individual nanoantennas. The mapping of this electrical behavior is of the utmost importance to gain a complete understanding for the metal-semiconductor (Ag/ZnO) heterojunction that will help to show the mechanism through which these receiving/transmitting structures behave at nanoscale level.

Prediction of extracapsular disease with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in high risk localized prostate cancer patient.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the usefulness of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the staging of patients with localized prostate cancer (PC) and high risk of extracapsular disease (ECD). METHODS: Retrospective study including 30 patients with localized PC and high risk of ECD. Pathologist and radiologist established an ECD suspicion according to the evaluation of the prostatic biopsy specimens and the multiparametric MRI analysis, respectively. Radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen analysis was used as a definitive confirmatory reference. Kappa (k)test was used to assess the degree of consistency between the initial suspicion provided by both specialists and the reference RP specimen. RESULTS: When the prostatic gland was analyzed as a single unit, the pathological evaluation of the biopsy specimens did not correctly detect the risk of ECD in 46.6% of the patients (14/30; 10 FN; k=-0.035, 95%CI [-0.29-0.36]), while multiparametric MRI did not do in 36% of the cases (11/30, 9 FP; k=0.27, 95%CI [-0.03-0.61]). Whereas, if each side of the prostate (i.e. right and left) was considered as an independent observation, the pathologist wrongly predicted the risk of ECD in 35% of the cases (21/60; 18 FN; k=0.19, 95%CI [-0.03-0.40]), while the radiologist erred only in 18.3% of the cases (11/60; 7 FN and 4 FP; k=0, 61, 95%CI [0.40-0.81]). CONCLUSIONS: Data from our experience suggest an added value of multiparametric MRI in the clinical staging of localized PC in cases of high risk of ECD. Multiparametric MRI may be used as a helpful tool in the surgical planning and the decision-making process regarding the management of this entity.

Colorectal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and transvaginal/transrectal specimen extraction.

Advancements in minimally invasive surgery have both revolutionized laparoscopy and set the stage for the advancement of endoscopic surgery to the forefront of modern medicine. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has now become a subject of great interest to surgeons worldwide who wish to reduce the morbidity associated with abdominal operations. However, the application of NOTES to colorectal surgery has thus far been limited due to the complex dissection, anastomosis and specimen extraction typically required when operating on the large bowel. For this reason, laparoscopic-assisted natural orifice surgery has been the means by which most surgeons have begun to incorporate natural orifice surgery into their established practices. Transanal endoscopic surgery, transvaginal-assisted laparoscopy and transrectal specimen extraction are all emerging techniques that may be currently employed, in a hybrid manner, with traditionally accepted laparoscopic operations in order to transition toward less invasive surgery and even pure NOTES. To this end, the vagina appears to be the most practical and widely used site of specimen extraction and adjunct access site for laparoscopic hybrid operations. An accompanying video demonstrates the authors' preferred technique for transvaginal and transrectal specimen extraction.

[Matematical modeling of antibiotic resistance: perspectives from a meta-analysys]. / Modelos matemáticos en el estudio de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Perspectivas a partir de un metaanálisis.

The antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest challenges of the international health community. The study of antibiotic resistance must be a multidisciplinary task and, in this sense, the main goal of this work is to analyze the role that Mathematical Modeling can play in this scenario. A qualitative and cuantitative analysis of the works published in the scientific literature is done by means of a search in the most important databases: MEDLINE, SCOPUS and ISI Web of Science. Consequently, there are few papers related to our topic but the existing works have been published in high-quality and impact international journals. Moreover, we can state that mathematical models are a very important and useful tool to analyze and study both the treatments protocols for resistance prevention and the assesment of control strategies in hospital environtment, or the prediction of the evolution of diseases due to resistant strains.

Documento de consenso sobre el tratamiento de las infecciones en el pie del diabético / Consensus document on the treatment of diabetic foot infections

La infección del pie diabético, sobre todo si se asocia a isquemia, es la causa más frecuente de amputación de la extremidad inferior en la población general, de ingreso hospitalario y de disminución de la calidad de vida en los diabéticos. El 15% de los diabéticos van a sufrir a lo largo de su vida una infección del pie, con una incidencia anual del 1-4%, precedida en más del 80% de los casos de una úlcera en el pie. Son infecciones complejas en cuyo pronóstico influyen muchos factores, dependientes de la úlcera (localización, extensión, cronicidad, amputación previa, grado de isquemia) y del paciente (edad, insuficiencia renal, tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, comorbilidad asociada), lo que hay que tener en cuenta a la hora de plantear su tratamiento. Las infecciones deben clasificarse en función de su gravedad (leves, moderadas-leves, moderadas-graves y graves). Su tratamiento es complejo y debe ser multidisciplinar; debe incluir desbridamiento, descarga, antibioticoterapia adecuada, revascularización y cura de la úlcera.En este documento de consenso, fruto de la colaboración de la Sociedad Española de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular (SEACV), Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI), Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia (SEQ), Asociación Española de Cirujanos (AEC), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (INFURG-SEMES) y Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC), se desarrollan las pautas, basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible, de las infecciones de pie diabético, encaminadas a obtener la mayor eficacia clínica(AU)

Diabetic foot infection, particularly if it is associated to ischaemia, is the most common cause of lower limb amputation, in the general population, of hospital admissions, and a decrease in the quality of life in diabetics. Of all diabetics, 15% of them are going to suffer from a foot infection during their life, with an annual incidence of 1-4%, preceded by a foot ulcer in more than 80% of cases. They are complex infections and the prognosis is influenced by many factors, depending on the ulcer (location, extension, whether chronic or not, previous amputation, ischaemia grade), and the patient (age, renal impairment, time of onset of diabetes, associated comorbidity). All these must be taken into account when establishing its treatment. The infections must be classified according to their severity (mild, moderate-mild, moderate-severe, and severe). Their treatment is complex and must be multidisciplinary and must include debridement, discharge, adequate antibiotic therapy, revascularisation, and treatment of the ulcer. In this consensus document, produced in collaboration with the Spanish Angiology and Vascular Surgery Society (SEACV), the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI), the Spanish Chemotherapy Society (SEQ), the Spanish Surgeons Association (AEC), the Spanish Society of Urgent Medicine and Emergencies (INFURG-SEMES) and the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Medicine and Coronary Care (SEMICYUC), the guidelines are developed based on the best available evidence on diabetic foot infections, aimed at achieving greater clinical efficacy(AU)

Histomorphometric and mineral degradation study of Ossceram: a novel biphasic B-tricalcium phosphate, in critical size defects in rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a histomorphometric analysis of a new highly porous (95%) biphasic calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite 60%/B-tricalcium phosphate 40%), used to fill critical size defects in rabbit tibiae, supplementing histomorphometric findings with radiographic thermal imaging, EDX analysis and Ca/P ratio mapping at different time stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two critical size defects of 6 mm diameter were created in both tibiae of 21 New Zealand rabbits, test group (Ossceram) and control group. Histomorphometric, radiographic thermal imaging, EDX and element mapping analysis were performed at 15, 30 and 60 days after graft insertion. RESULTS: Histomorphometric analysis at 30 days showed more new bone formation in defects filled with Ossceram 4.41 ± 0.23 mm than the test group 1.94 ± 0. 28 mm (P<0.05). Element analysis revealed higher percentages of Ca (42.33 ± 2.8%) and P (1.3 ± 0.8%) in the test group than in the control group (P<0.05). Element mapping showed that Ca and P were concentrated in medullar and cortical zones in the test group but were concentrated only in cortical zones in the control group. Test group histomorphometry at 60 days showed complete closure of the cortical defect 5.37 ± 0.32 mm more than the control group 2.3 ± 0.54 mm. There was no cortical defect closure or medullar bone formation in the control group (P<0.05). Element analysis revealed higher percentages of Ca (32.26 ± 21.7%) and P (1.5 ± 0.3%) in the test group than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Defects of a critical size in a rabbit tibia model can be sealed using a highly porous biphasic calcium phosphate; this supports new bone formation, creates a bridge between borders and facilitates bone ingrowth. Furthermore, this study observed partial dissolution of the mineral phase of the graft material and its incorporation into the surrounding bone. Radiographic thermal imaging may be used to supplement histological and chemical analyses.

Microorganisms direct identification from blood culture by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allows a fast and reliable bacterial identification from culture plates. Direct analysis of clinical samples may increase its usefulness in samples in which a fast identification of microorganisms can guide empirical treatment, such as blood cultures (BC). Three hundred and thirty BC, reported as positive by the automated BC incubation device, were processed by conventional methods for BC processing, and by a fast method based on direct MALDI-TOF MS. Three hundred and eighteen of them yield growth on culture plates, and 12 were false positive. The MALDI-TOF MS-based method reported that no peaks were found, or the absence of a reliable identification profile, in all these false positive BC. No mixed cultures were found. Among these 318 BC, we isolated 61 Gram-negatives (GN), 239 Gram-positives (GP) and 18 fungi. Microorganism identifications in GN were coincident with conventional identification, at the species level, in 83.3% of BC and, at the genus level, in 96.6%. In GP, identifications were coincident with conventional identification in 31.8% of BC at the species level, and in 64.8% at the genus level. Fungaemia was not reliably detected by MALDI-TOF. In 18 BC positive for Candida species (eight C. albicans, nine C. parapsilosis and one C. tropicalis), no microorganisms were identified at the species level, and only one (5.6%) was detected at the genus level. The results of the present study show that this fast, MALDI-TOF MS-based method allows bacterial identification directly from presumptively positive BC in a short time (<30 min), with a high accuracy, especially when GN bacteria are involved.